What are two primary effects of beer breakdown?

The primary effects of beer breakdown include oxidation and the breakdown of hops. Oxidation refers to the chemical reaction that occurs when beer is exposed to oxygen, leading to changes in flavor, aroma, and overall beer quality. This process can result in undesirable flavors such as cardboard or sherry-like notes, which can significantly affect the freshness of the beer.

The breakdown of hops is another crucial aspect of beer deterioration. Hops contribute bitterness, aroma, and flavor to beer, and over time, their essential oils and alpha acids degrade, resulting in a loss of hop character. This breakdown can lead to a beer tasting less hoppy and aromatic than intended, which is particularly important for hop-forward styles.

Other options may mention processes or effects associated with beer aging or off-flavors, but they do not specifically highlight the two primary mechanisms—oxidation and the degradation of hop compounds—that significantly impact the product's sensory qualities during breakdown.