Refined sugars also generate ________.

Refined sugars generate fusel alcohols during fermentation due to the yeast's metabolic processes. Fusel alcohols, or higher alcohols, are higher-chain alcohols like isoamyl alcohol and isobutanol, which can be produced as yeast ferments sugar.

When yeast ferments sugars, it primarily produces ethanol and carbon dioxide; however, under certain conditions—such as high sugar concentrations, temperature fluctuations, or specific yeast strains—yeast can also produce these higher alcohols as byproducts. Fusel alcohols contribute to the complexity of flavor and aroma in fermented beverages, including beer and spirits.

Other compounds listed, such as esters, phenols, and aldehydes, may also be produced during fermentation but are typically results of various yeast strains or fermentation conditions rather than the direct product of refined sugar fermentation like fusel alcohols. Understanding these fermentation byproducts is crucial for brewers and distillers aiming to refine flavors in their products.